History WJEC GCSE Revision Notes

USA 1930 - 20000

Exam Date: Tuesday 16th June 2015

 

1. Key Issue: In what ways did American Society change between 1930 and 2000?

Describe the Wall Street Crash 1929.

The price of shares on the Wall Street Stock Exchange collapsed in October 1929. This led to businesses going bust, banks shutting and people losing their homes.

Explain the effects of the Great Depression on the American people.

Unemployment – 15million by 1932.

Poverty and homelessness – Hoovervilles

Bank closures – people lost savings

Agricultural Depression

 

What were Hoovervilles?

These were shanty towns where people went to live because they had become homeless, named after President Hoover.

 

What was the “Bonus Army”?

20 000 ex-soldiers who marched on Washington in 1932 to protest against unemployment and to demand the early payment of a bonus they had been promised after WWI.

 

What was the New Deal?

The New Deal was the set of policies that President Roosevelt promised the American people would get rid of the problems of the Depression.

 

What were the main features of FDR’s New Deal?

The 3 Rs (Relief, Recovery, Reform)

First 100 Days

Fireside (radio) Chats by FDR

Alphabet Agencies

 

Explain what was meant by “Relief, Recovery, Reform” during the New Deal?

Relief meant bringing immediate help to the people suffering the most – those without homes or enough money to buy food.

Recovery meant rebuilding or reopening factories and banks to get America back on its feet.

Reform meant introducing laws to help prevent another Great Depression.

Explain why Roosevelt’s first 100 Days were important.

Roosevelt persuaded Congress to allow him to pass laws quickly in his first 100 days to bring relief and recovery. Important laws passed in this first 100 days included a law to reopen banks with the help of government money - Emergency Banking Relief Act (EBRA) and the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) which gave work to men aged 18-25.

 

What were “Alphabet Agencies”?

Laws and reforms set up under the New Deal to try to bring Relief, Recovery and Reform from the Great Depression, eg CCC, TVA, NRA.

Explain why Roosevelt’s “fireside chats” were important.

This was when FDR spoke to the American people about how he planned to help them with the New Deal. He explained to people that he offered Relief, Recovery and Reform. He asked for the help and the patience of the American people to help get America back on its feet. The chats probably helped to prevent violent protests against the Great Depression.

 

What was the CCC?

Civilian Conservation Corp. This Alphabet Agency gave young men jobs like digging ditches and planting trees.

What was the TVA?

Tennessee Valley Authority. This gave money to the Tennessee Valley to build a dam to produce electricity and to provide jobs.

 

Explain why there was opposition to the New Deal.

Many people thought that FDR had been given too much power too quickly in his first 100 Days.

The Republican Party hated the way that the government was taking so much control over people’s lives.

Some thought that FDR was moving the country towards communism.

Even some people in FDR’s own Democrat Party thought that the New Deal was going too far – Huey Long called the NRA “Nuts run America”.

 

What was the overall effect of WW2 on the US economy?

Positive. WW2 ended the Depression, providing millions of jobs in factories, on farms and in the armed forces.

 

What role did women play in WW2?

Women took men’s jobs in factories and many joined the armed forces. Women’s wages were much lower than men’s wages.

 

What was the “Affluent Society”?

Many white, middle class Americans being quite rich during the 1950s. Many of them moved to a better house in the suburbs and they were able to afford luxury consumer goods like cars and TVs.

 

Explain the rise of “youth culture” during the 1950s.

Young people began to create their own identity and to rebel against traditional values and parents with their interest in Rock ‘n’ Roll music (Elvis Presley), cars, films (Rebel Without a Cause) and books (Catcher in the Rye and On the Road). Young white Americans had money to spend on these things because of the Affluent Society.

 

Explain why not all American people did well in the Affluent Society during the 1950s.

Black people, native American-Indians and Hispanics did not share in the wealth. There was also less wealth in the Southern States. Many elderly people did not share in the wealth because of poor pensions.($)

 

What was McCarthyism?

This was an event that happened in the USA in the early 1950s named after Senator Joseph McCarthy. McCarthy accused about 2000 well known Americans, in good jobs, of being Communists. The USA was in a Cold War with the Communist USSR at the time and these people were labelled as “Un-American” or even as traitors by McCarthy. Many people, including actors and musicians lost their jobs. McCarthy was later to be proved to be a liar on TV but he had caused panic and damage.

 

Why was JFK a popular President?

He was young and glamorous and so was his wife Jackie. He promised to make the lives of the American people better by promising them a New Frontier. His successes were bringing in a minimum wage, bringing down unemployment and preparing laws to help black people. After his assassination he became even more popular.

 

Explain the importance of youth culture during the 1960s.

During the mid to late sixties more and more young people began to rebel against society and their parents. They were influenced by the pop music of the Beatles, the Rolling Stones and Jimi Hendrix and protest singers like Bob Dylan and Janis Joplin.

In the late 1960s many young people became “Hippies” wearing flowered shirts and flared trousers and growing their hair. Many used drugs. The slogan of the Hippy or “flower power” movement was “make love not war”.

It was natural that the Hippie movement would lead the protest against the Vietnam War. Their loud and constant protest was one of the reasons why Lyndon B Johnson stood down as President in 1968 – “Hey, hey, LBJ. How many kids did you kill today?”

 

Explain the importance of television during the 1950s and 1960s.

Many middle class American families owned televisions by the mid 1950s. They were able to watch many different shows as the tube became the main form of entertainment in their lives. American businesses were able to advertise to millions of people and so the television was a very important part of the “Affluent Society”. TV helped to proved that Senator McCarthy was a liar.

Most Americans had access to a TV by the 1960s. It remained the main form of entertainment. Live television became an exciting and important part of people’s lives. JFK used the TV well to make himself popular. Reports from the Vietnam War on TV led to more and more protests in America. In 1969 the whole of America and much of the world watched as Neil Armstrong took the first steps on the moon.

 

Explain how the role of women in American society changed after WW2.

During the Second World War women took “men’s” jobs in factories and many joined the armed forces. Women’s wages were much lower than men’s. After the war most women went back to being housewives and generally remained so during the 1950s.

During the 1960s some middle-class women began to rebel against having to be just housewives and mothers. They were inspired by Betty Friedan’s book The Feminine Mystique (1963). This new feminism was given the name “Women’s Liberation” or “Women’s Lib”. In the late ‘60s and early ‘70s middle-class women protested against sexism; women burning bras (a male invention) was one of the most famous protests. During the 1970s and 1980s women gradually moved towards equal opportunities in colleges and jobs. Although by 1990 women were not paid as much as men in some jobs and there still hadn’t been a female President.

 

Explain why President Nixon was forced to resign in 1974?

Nixon was forced to resign because of the Watergate Scandal. 2 journalists from the Washington Post discovered that Nixon was involved in telling men to break into the Democrat offices in the Watergate building in Washington. Nixon was also involved in trying to cover-up the break-in which he admitted years late.

 

Why was Ronald Reagan a popular President in his 1st term of office?

He was a popular ex-actor who came across well on TV.

His policy of Reaganomics to cut taxes and cut spending was very popular with many Americans.

He was tough on communism at first but then helped to bring a thaw in the Cold War in his discussions with the Russian President Gorbachev. This helped to bring an end to the Cold War in 1989 and 1990.

Explain why Ronald Reagan was less popular in his 2nd term of office?

He failed to balance the budget – he tried to keep taxes low but did not keep government spending down.

The main reason why government spending went up so much was because of the Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI) nicknamed Star Wars. This was a plan to shoot down enemy nuclear missiles from space but it was a total failure.

Reagan was partly blamed for the Irangate Scandal when the USA agreed to swap weapons for the release of US hostages in Iran.

In his last few years Reagan looked as if he didn’t know what he was doing by making many mistakes when speaking on TV. Later it came out that at that time he was probably already ill with Alzheimer’s disease. He died in 2004.

 

Explain why George Bush Senior lost his high level of popularity?

Bush Snr had a huge popularity rating of 89% during his time in office. His successful military campaigns including the Gulf War were well received in America.

Bush had stated during a troubling economic period “Read my lips: no new taxes.” With helped to maintain his high popularity by no increasing tax levels.

However, as a result of the economic recession he did indeed create new taxes. As a result his support in congress decreased.

Bush did however pass some positive Civil Rights legislation and increased spending on public services.

His legacy may forever be dogged by his controversial pardoning of ex-government workers over an oil scandal. 

 

Why was Bill Clinton appealing to the American people?

The young well spoken democrat came to power on a platform on economic issues.

Initially having success with legislation – Family and Medical Leave Act and the creation of NAFTA.

The plans for a nation health service failed to gain the same support.

He was elected to his second term with a landslide victory.

Clinton’s 2 terms in office were clouded with scandal. The first was the Whitewater Scandal and then his affair with Monica Lewinsky - a White House intern. The huge amount of media coverage of both scandals resulted in a loss of support and a feeling of alienation from the public. The increased TV coverage and Internet meant politicians were on display 24/7.

 

How have computers and the Internet changed during the period?

 The world’s first home computer, the IBM went on sale in 1981. PCs were now small enough to fit inside homes and were affordable.

As technology improved, home computers became cheaper and far more powerful. In 1992, the Internet began and a communication revolution began. As phone lines became digitalized and home computers became more powerful, the Internet became a powerful communication tool. Search engines like Google, which was launched in 1998 and allowed people to find information quickly and easily. E-mail made communication a lot faster than traditional post while many firms started selling goods online cheaper than they did in the shops. Amazon was also launched in the 1990s. The way people accessed news and information by the end of the 20th century has dramatically changed with a much greater reliance on the Internet.

 

 

The Race Issue in America 1930-2000

Key Issue: How did the lives of black people in America change between 1929 and 2000?

 

Describe the position of black people in America in 1929.

About 10% of the American people were black. Most of them lived in the Southern states (the South) where most still worked on farms (plantations) growing cotton, sugar and tobacco. Although slavery had been abolished in 1865, black people were still treated very badly in the South because of segregation.

 

What was segregation?

Segregation was a set of laws in the southern states of America that discriminated against black people. They were also known as “Jim Crow” laws. The laws stopped black people from sharing the same facilities as white people such as schools, transport, restaurants, public toilets, hotels, cinemas and swimming pools. They also stopped black people from being able to vote.

 

What were share-croppers?

Many black people were forced to work as share-croppers in the southern states. This meant that they would not get paid for months until the harvest of cotton, tobacco or sugar had been gathered and sold.

 

What was the Ku Klux Klan?

This was (and still is) a racist and illegal organisation that was set up to persecute non-whites or non-Protestants in the USA. The main group of people that the KKK persecuted was black people.

The KKK beat up and even murdered (many by lynching) hundreds of black people from the 1930s to the 1960s. Membership of the KKK fell dramatically from millions in the 1920s to a few thousand by 1990.

What was lynching?

 

The illegal murder of black people usually by hanging by a rope from a tree often following an unofficial trial and conviction. This was often organised by the KKK. The word “lynching” has also been used for the general persecution of black people in the southern states up to the 1960s.

 

What was the Harlem Renaissance?

This was when many talented black musicians did well for themselves by playing jazz and blues to white audiences in New York during the 1920s and early 1930s. Black people in cities all across America were given the confidence to express their culture through literature, drama, dance and art as well as music. It was important because it probably led to black people having the confidence and bravery to begin to protest in large numbers in the following decades.

 

 

What was the NAACP?

The National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People. It was set up in 1909 as an organisation to campaign for the rights of black people in America. It was set up by William DuBois.

 

Describe how black people were affected by the Great Depression of the 1930s.

Black people suffered worse than white people. They had to face segregation as well as low wages and unemployment. The New Deal did help black people a little. About a million black people left the Southern States in the 1920s and 1930s (migration) to move to the northern states.

 

What was the “Jim Crow Army”?

This was black people being segregated in the US army during the Second World War.

 

What was the “Double V” campaign?

This was black people fighting in the segregated US army against the racist Nazis, but also protesting against racism against black people at home in America.

 

During the 1950s what was the main thing that the Civil Rights Movement protested about?

They were protesting against segregation.

 

What was “Brown v Topeka” 1954 ?

This was a court case in Kansas in 1954. Linda Brown and her family, with the help of the NAACP took the Topeka Board of Education to Court because seven year old Linda was not allowed to go to her local school because it was for whites only. The Browns won the case and the court said that segregation in schools was illegal under the US Constitution.

 

Explain why the Montgomery Bus Boycott was so important?

The Montgomery Bus Boycott took place from December 1955 to December 1956. Rosa Parks, a black woman, refused to give her seat up for a white person. She was arrested and this led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott, led by Martin Luther King. This was important because the protest led to the bus company ending segregation and to the Supreme Court ruling that segregation on transport was illegal. It also led to other protests in restaurants and on other forms of transport and by the start of the 1960s segregation, as well as being illegal had virtually ended in public facilities.

 

What happened at Little Rock, Arkansas in 1957?

Even though the US Supreme Court had clearly made segregation in schools illegal after the Brown v Topeka court case, some southern states continued to stop black children going to the same schools as white children. In September 1957 the governor of Arkansas used National Guard police officers to stop nine black children from going into Little Rock High School. President Eisenhower sent federal troops in to make sure that the children were allowed to go to school. This was very important because it showed that the government was very serious about trying to end segregation in schools. Even after Brown v Topeka and Little Rock it was still a very slow process integrating black children into schools.

 

What were “sit-ins”?

These were black people protesting against segregation in the late 1950s and early 1960s. They sat in “white only” restaurants and cinemas until they were dragged away or arrested. The sit-ins helped to bring an end to segregation in the southern states.

 

What were “freedom rides”?

These were protests by black people against segregation in the late 1950s and early 1960s. After the Supreme Court had declared segregation illegal black people rode on buses and trains. There were violent clashes but by the early 1960s this led to segregation ending on transport.

 

What were the 2 main things that the Civil Rights Movement protested for during the 1960s?

The vote and equality (end to racism) for black people.

 

How important was Martin Luther King Jnr. in the Civil Rights Movement?

Very Important. He was the main leader of peaceful protest.

1956- He led the Montgomery Bus Boycott

1958 – He wrote the book “Stride Toward Freedom” inspiring more people to protest.

1956-1962 – He organised sit-ins and freedom rides.

1963 – March on Washington and “I have a dream” speech

This helped to lead to 1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voting Rights Act

1968 – He was assassinated in Memphis.

Describe the 1964 Civil Rights Act

This law made racial discrimination illegal in public places and in jobs. Businesses could lose government funding or be fined or even closed down if they continued to be racist.

 

Describe the 1965 Voting Rights Act

This law made it illegal to do anything to stop black people from registering to vote or voting. It led to millions of black people taking up their right to vote for the first time.

 

Explain why some black people turned to more violent protests in the mid and late 1960s.

Some were unhappy with the peaceful protest of Martin Luther King.

Some were unhappy because things were changing too slowly.

Leaders like Malcolm X encouraged young black people to do more than just peaceful protest.

1965 –Riots in LA.

Black Panthers were a group that believed in violent protest.

1968 – MLK’s assassination led to more violence.

 

What was ‘Black Power’?

“Black Power” was a phrase first used by Stokely Carmichael in a speech in 1966. He did not say that black people should be violent. He argued that black people should not just quietly try to get equality with white people but should be “loud and proud” of their own history and culture. He also adopted the phrase “Black is Beautiful”.

 

Explain how black people made progress in politics, the media and sport from the 1970s onwards.

Politics – 1967 Carl Stokes became the first black mayor; 1980s Jesse Jackson was a Presidential candidate.

Media – Sidney Poitier (black actor) won an Oscar in 1962, Michael Jackson, Bill Cosby on TV, Eddie Murphy, Wesley Snipes, Will Smith appeared in films.

Sport – Muhammad Ali (Cassius Clay) was the World Heavyweight boxing champion in the 1970s. By the 1990s Michael Jordan (basketball) was the highest paid athlete in the world. Mid 1990s – Tiger Woods.

1989 – Colin Powell becomes the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the highest ranking military position.

 

3. How and why did US foreign policy change between 1930 and 1945?

 

What was isolationism?

The belief of many Americans following WW1 that the USA should not play an important role in world problems. It should concentrate on what is happening in the USA.

 

Which US president ended isolationism?

Franklin D. Roosevelt. (FDR)

 

Why did isolationism end?

1. The concern of the rise of fascist dictators in Europe, e.g. Mussolini and Hitler.

2. The concern of Japanese expansion into China.

3. The ‘Good Neighbour Policy’ of encouraging economic links and co-operation with Latin America, e.g. Brazil.

4. Providing weapons under ‘cash and carry’ policy in 1939 to countries at war, e.g. UK to try and help avoid the USA becoming involved.

 

What was Roosevelt’s policy of Lend-Lease?

A 1941 agreement before the USA entered the war whereby the country would lend military weapons to Britain free of charge.

What was the Atlantic Charter?

Agreement between Winston Churchill and FDR in August 1941 to set up the UN and set goals for a post-war world.

Why did relations between the USA and Japan fall apart? (leading to Pearl Harbor)

a) In the 1930s Japan set about expanding her empire for resources for its growing population.

b) The USA condemned the invasion of Manchuria by Japan in 1931.

c) Japan joined Germany and Italy in signing the 3 Powers Act in September 1940.

d) The USA responded by refusing to sell chemicals, iron and planes to Japan.

e) In 1941 US stopped supplying oil to Japan.

 

What happened on Sunday 7th December 1941 which led to the USA’s entry into WW2?

Japan attacked the US naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. The following day the USA and Britain declared was on Japan.

 

What were the main events in WW2 in EUROPE which involved the USA?

1942 – Operation Torch – the US invasion of North Africa to support the British against the Germans.

1943 – Invasion of Italy.

6th June 1944 – D-Day (Operation Overlord) the invasion of France with troops landing in Normandy.

December 1944 – Battle of the Bulge – the counter attack by Germans in Belgium leading to 19 000 US deaths.

8th May 1945 Germany surrendered.

 

What were the main events in WW2 in the PACIFIC which involved the USA?

By mid 1942 Japan had conquered over 2 million square miles of land and secured resources such as oil, rubber and tin. (ROT)

Between May 1942 and April 1945 the USA won a number of costly land and sea battles at Coral Sea, Midway, Leyte Gulf and Iwo Jima as they got closer to the Japanese mainland.

Between April and August 1945 the USA bombed the Japanese mainland ending in the dropping of the 2 atomic bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

On the 15th August 1945 Japan surrendered to the USA.

 

What was the Cold War?

A state of hostility between the USA and the USSR (Russia) and their allies without actually fighting. It lasted from 1945-1991.

 

Why was there hostility between the USA and the USSR at the end of WW2?

The USA resented Communism and the threat it posed to capitalist countries around the world including the USA.

The USA refused to share secrets about the building of the atomic bomb.

Stalin refused to allow free elections in occupied Germany after WW2.

Stalin also refused to withdraw troops from European countries after WW2 including Poland and Hungary.

 

What was the Truman Doctrine?

US President Truman’s commitment to help any government feeling threatened by the spread of Communism. Truman made his speech in 1947.

 

What was the Marshall Plan? (Also known as Marshall Aid)

US Secretary of State George C. Marshall offered and provided $13 billion of aid to European countries to help them recover after WW2 to help avoid the country going Communist. Stalin refused to allow countries under Russian control to accept the aid.

 

What was the Domino Theory?

The belief if one country fell to Communism this would trigger the fall of neighbouring countries to Communism. The policy of the USA was to avoid this scenario.

 

What were some of the key events in the Cold War?

1948-49 Berlin Airlift.

1949 NATO created

1950-53 Korean War

1955 Warsaw Pact created

1961 Building of the Berlin Wall

1962 Cuban Missile Crisis

1964-1973 Vietnam War

1979 Russian invasion of Afghanistan

1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall

 

Why did the USSR blockade West Berlin in Germany?

In 1948 Stalin was worried West Berlin would become a wealthy capitalist base in the middle of Communist East Germany. Stalin cut off road and rail links to the city from West Germany. The West organised airlifts of food and to supply the people in Berlin. The blockade lasted 9 months.

 

What was the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962?

The Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev sent nuclear missiles to Cuba to create a base to prevent a future US invasion and threaten the USA in retaliation for US missile bases on the borders of the USSR. US President JFK ordered a naval blockade around Cuba. The Soviets and the USA negotiated with the removal of Soviet missiles in Cuba and US missiles from Turkey.

 

What were the consequences of the Cuban Missile Crisis?

a) Kennedy appeared to the world as having won.

b) A telephone hotline was installed between Moscow and Washington to improve communications between the USSR and USA.

c) A Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was signed in 1963 banning the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, under the sea and in space.

 

 

Why did the USA become involved in war in Vietnam?

The US was afraid of Communism spreading to South Vietnam from North Vietnam. The Gulf of Tonkin incident where a US ship was fired upon by North Vietnamese was the spark that heralded the use of ground troops in Vietnam.

 

What were the different methods of warfare used by the USA in Vietnam?

1. Operation Rolling Thunder and intense bombing.

2. Chemical warfare using Napalm and Agent Orange to destroy jungle.

3. High tech war using the latest weapons.

4. The use of increasing numbers of US troops rising to 540,000 by 1968.

5. Search and Destroy missions which were very unpopular with the Vietnamese villagers.

 

Why did the US lose the Vietnam War?

a) Many US troops were young and inexperienced in warfare.

b) There was growing opposition in the USA. 58,000 US troops eventually died.

c) The Vietcong Tet Offensive in January 1968 was a turning point due to its large scale of attacks on cities in South Vietnam.

d) The guerrilla warfare tactics of using underground tunnels to hide.

e) Many in South Vietnam supported the North Vietnamese.

f) The Vietcong was supplied by China and the USSR.

 

Why did the USA become involved in the Korean War? (1950-53)?

Korea was divided in two following WW2. In 1950 North Korean Communist troops invaded the south. With UN support the USA sent troops to defend South Korea. US troops tried to unite the whole country however, the Chinese sent troops across their border to aid the North Koreans ending in stalemate. 50,000 US soldiers died and damaged relations between the US and China. The war ended in 1953.

 

What was détente?

An attempt by both nations to reduce the tension and risk of nuclear war between the USA and USSR. Détente lasted from 1971 to 1979.

 

What other reasons did the USA agree to detente?

1. The USA wanted improved relations with Communist China and the USSR.

2. They wanted to end their involvement in Vietnam.

3. To reduce the cost of the arms race. (Building weapons)

4. To counter the threat of the Brezhnev Doctrine Policy of the USSR taking action to prevent European countries (e.g. Czechoslovakia) leaving the Warsaw Pact.

 

What was SALT 1?

The agreement between the USA and USSR limiting the number of nuclear missiles each nation had. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks.

 

What was agreed at Helsinki between the USSR and USA and 33 other states?

Greater co-operation, basic human rights for people and the acceptance of the frontiers of Eastern Europe.

What was ping-pong diplomacy?

The improved relations between Communist China and the USA following the invitation by the Chinese table-tennis team to their US counterparts in 1971.

 

Why did the SALT 2 talks fail?

The USSR invaded Afghanistan in 1979 during the SALT 2 talks leading to a break down in relations with the USA. It also ended détente between them.

 

What was the foreign policy of the USA in the 1980s?

New president Ronald Reagan returned to an aggressive anti-Soviet foreign policy leading to an increase on arms expenditure.

 

What was Star Wars? (Strategic Defense Initiative)

US technology under development which used satellites armed with lasers to destroy incoming nuclear missiles before they could hit US cities. SDI was a turning point – the USSR realised it could not continue to fund defence spending and would help end the Cold War.

 

Why was there a new period of détente after 1985?

The USSR appointed Gorbachev as their new leader. He wanted more friendly relations with the USA and the West.

 

Why did the Cold War end?

Gorbachev told the 6 Communist states in Europe (e.g. Poland and Hungary) that Soviet troops would no longer defend them. People from these countries were allowed to cross the border into neighbouring Western countries without hindrance. This was followed by the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. The USSR split into a commonwealth of independent states. (CIS)

 

What happened in Iran in 1979 involving the USA?

The US backed Shah of Iran was forced to abdicate as leader of Iran. The country was now under the control of the fundamentalist Muslim leader Ayatollah Khomeini who hated the USA.

The US embassy was stormed by Iranian students and 66 Americans taken hostage for over a year.

 

Why was the USA involved in the Gulf War in 1990-91?

Iraq under Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait to help lessen their economic debts. A request from Saudi Arabia and a UN mandate led to a US led coalition of forces to expel Saddam from Kuwait. The coalition forces successfully defeated Saddam forcing him back to Iraq.

 

Why did Al-Qaeda attack the USA?

Al-Qaeda under the leadership of Osama Bin-Laden had resented American troops on Islamic land during the Gulf War and launched a number of terrorist attacks on the USA across the world during the 1990s ending with 9/11 in 2001.

 

 

 

a title. Click here to edit me

 

I'm a paragraph. Click here to add your own text and edit me. It’s easy. Just click “Edit Text” or double click me to add your own content and make changes to the font. Feel free to drag and drop me anywhere you like on your page. I’m a great place for you to tell a story and let your users know a little more about you.

​

This is a great space to write long text about your company and your services. You can use this space to go into a little more detail about your company. Talk about your team and what services you provide. Tell your visitors the story of how you came up with the idea for your business and what makes you different from your competitors. Make your company stand out and show your visitors who you are.

 

At Wix we’re passionate about making templates that allow you to build fabulous websites and it’s all thanks to the support and feedback from users like you! Keep up to date with New Releases and what’s Coming Soon in Wixellaneous in Support. Feel free to tell us what you think and give us feedback in the Wix Forum. If you’d like to benefit from a professional designer’s touch, head to the Wix Arena and connect with one of our Wix Pro designers. Or if you need more help you can simply type your questions into the Support Forum and get instant answers. To keep up to date with everything Wix, including tips and things we think are cool, just head to the Wix Blog!